My aim in this experiment is to extract a copper from an ore Essay Example Essay Example

My aim in this experiment is to extract a copper from an ore Essay Example Paper My aim in this experiment is to extract a copper from an ore Essay Introduction In the earth that we are living right now, copper is the earth’s 25th most abundant element, but also one of the less common first row transition metals. It occurs as a soft reddish metal that can be found native as large boulders weighing several hundred tons or as sulphide ores.An ore is a rock containing minerals in adequate concentration, amounts, and value to be mined at a profit. The definition of this ore changes as knowledge improves, today’s ore being yesterday’s valueless pile of rock.I will now carry out an assessment to try change copper sulphate from malachite, which then can be converted in to copper.Metal + oxygen ; metal oxideApparatus and equipments: Safety glasses 10g of copper carbonate scales Measuring cylinder 250cm3 beaker Glass rod 1m sulphuric acid (H2SO4) Funnel Bunsen burner Tripod Gauze Evaporating basin Filter paper Watch glassMethod:Making copper sulphate from a malachite.Malachite is an ore of copper. In this task you will convert ma lachite to copper sulphate.1. Measure out about 50 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid using a measuring cylinder. Pour the dilute sulphuric acid into a 250 cm3 beaker2. Weigh out about 10 g of malachite. Write down the exact mass on Form 2.3. Add a small amount of the malachite to the dilute sulphuric acid. Add the malachite very slowly.4. The mixture will fizz as the malachite reacts with the dilute sulphuric acid. Stir the mixture with a glass rod until all signs of reaction have stopped.5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the mixture no longer fizzes when you add malachite to the dilute sulphuric acid.6. Filter the solution into a clean evaporating basin. While this is filtering, weigh what remains of the malachite. Write down this mass on Form 2.7. Place the evaporating basin on wire gauze on a tripod.8. Heat the solution very gently using a low Bunsen burner flame until crystals begin to form on the surface of the liquid. If the liquid goes green add drops of dilute sulphuric acid until it goes blue.9. Stop heating. Allow the solution to cool. When the solution is cool, move the basin to a warm place. This will complete the crystallization of the copper sulphate. This may take a few days!10. After a few days, pour any liquid from the copper sulphate crystals and transfer them to a dry evaporating basin of watch-glass.11. Allow the copper sulphate crystals to dry for at least 24 hours.12. Weigh the copper sulphate crystals. Write down the mass on Form 2.13. Store the copper sulphate crystals in a stoppered container. Label the container with your name and the name of the contents.Extracting copper from copper sulphate crystals1. Measure out about 50 cm3 of distilled water using a measuring cylinder. Pour the distilled water into a 250 cm3 beaker.2. Weigh out about 5 g of the copper sulphate crystals you made in Task write down the exact mass on Form 3.3. Add the copper sulphate crystals to the distilled water. Stir the mixture with a glass rod until all the copper sul phate dissolved. The solution should now be coloured blue.4. Weigh out about 2 g of zinc filings of zinc powder.5. Add the zinc to the copper sulphate solution. Stir the mixture. You will see solid copper forming.6. After 5 minutes, allow the solid to settle. Then pour off as much of the colourless liquid as you can without losing the solid.7. Carefully add about 50 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid. This will dissolve any unused zinc.8. When the mixture no longer fizzes, filter off the copper and wash it with distilled water.9. Now allow the copper you have produced. Write down the mass on Form 3. Store the copper in a stoppered container. Label the container with your name and the name of the contents.Risk assessmentMaterialHazardWhat could go wrong?Safety precautionsWhat to do in case of accidentRisk:/medium/highDilute sulphuric acid (1 mol dm-3)Very corrosiveMay burn youWear eye protection and gloves.Drink 2 glasses of water and wash your mouthLowDilute hydrochloric acid (2 mol dm -3)CorrosiveMay cause you burnsWear eye protection and gloves.Wash out the mouth and drink 2 glass of water. Seek medical attentionVery lowMalachite (powdered)HarmfulYou could swallow it. Irritate lungs and eyeWear eye protection and wear a lad coat.Wash out mouth and drink 2 a glass of water. Seek medical attention.Very lowCopper sulphateHarmfulYou may get it on you skin, you may getWear eye protection; wear a lab coat and gloves.Vomit it out, wash out your mouth, drink two glasses of water and seek medical attention.LowZinc filingsFlammableYou could swallow it. It could spill on your skin and get in your eye.Wear eye protection.Flood the eye with gently running tap water for 10 minutes.LowProcedureTransferring liquidsNo hazardIt could slip and get on your skinWear glovesWash your hand with cold water and seek medical attentionLowHeating solutionsIt could be very hotIt could slip and get on your skinWear glovesWash your hand with cold water and seekLowFiltrationSpiltIt could get on your skinWear gloves and lab coatTake of your lab coat. Wash your handLowDisposing of used solutionsNo hazardIt could drop on you.Wear lab coatTake of your lab coatLowResultsCalculating the yield of copper sulphate crystalsEach mole of malachite, CuCo3.Cu (OH)2 produces two moles of copper sulphate 2 CuSO4.5H2O.From this, I can now calculate the relative mass of malachite:AtomRelative massNumber of atoms presentTotal massCu642128C12112O16580H122Relative mass = 222gmol-1The formula for copper sulphate is CuSO4.5H2OAtomRelative massNumber of atoms presentTotal massCu64164C12132O169144H11010Relative mass = 250gmol-1Calculating the yield of copper sulphate by carrying out this calculation:Theoretical yield of2 x 250 x 6.4Copper sulphate = 2202 x 250 x 6.4= 22= 14.54gCalculate your percentage yield:Mass of copper sulphate producedPercentage yield = x 100Theoretical yield10.3= x 10014.41= 71.48%Today’s Uses of CopperCopper is a critical component of modern industry. In the United States, the most important use of copper is in electrical wiring. A breakdown below gives the percentage of copper used in the United States by industry:Building Wire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16%Plumbing Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14%Automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11%Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9%Air Conditioning Commercial Refrigeration. . . . . . .8%Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7%Factory Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6%Electronics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6%Appliances Extension Cords . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3%Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20%TOTAL———————————————– 100%Copper sheets are used in cooking utensils and in roofs. Copper tubes are used to make pipes for plumbing and carrying natural ga s. Copper wire is used to carry electric current. Extruded copper, that is, copper that has been squeezed through a hole, forms rods, hinges, tubes, and door handles.The use of copper is increasing. In the 1970s, a 1,500 square-foot house used about 280 pounds of copper. Today, a 2,200 square-foot house uses about 450 pounds of copper.A car in the 1970s used about 35 pounds of copper. Now, 50 to 80 pounds of copper will go into one automobile.A Boeing 727 airplane uses 9,000 pounds of copper.Where Copper Is Mined?The following countries are the world’s major producers of copper(amount produced is 1995 output, given in tons, from the 1995 Mineral Commodity Summary)Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,350,000United States of America. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,890,000Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740,000Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600,000Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380,000Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420,000Peru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400,000China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350,000Zambia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350,000Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340,000Kazakstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220,000Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,000Zaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40,000Other Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,600,000WORLD TOTAL————————————- 9,800,000Conclusions: In the experiment that we done, we used chemicals to extract copper from malachite. We found out that what is contained within the malachite is the element copper and that also zinc displaces copper from the sulphate ion.Cu SO4 (clear blue) + Zn ; Zn (clear colourless) SO4 + CuEvaluation: The parts of the experiment that went well were the weighing and sca ling the dilute sulphuric acid and malachite. The difficult part in the experiment was when i had to pour the malachite into the sulphuric acid so I don’t have any left at the bottom and when heat the solution very gently using a Bunsen burner flame until the crystals begin to form on the surface and if the liquid goes green I had to try and make it blue. I could have repeat out results which might change the colour of our copper. The thing that affected our results was putting too much of the malachite into the sulphuric acid and I will stop this from happening next time by stopping when it turns blue.I don’t know of any other equipment that would have repeated my result. What I have done here is very little compare to the industrial place. They use machines to make it which would come out better. The similarities in the experiment would be that we both we will be making copper and using the same equipment e.g. malachite, sulphuric acid etc but the differences will be that they use a machine to make the copper in the industrial process but I would be using my hand in school. My aim in this experiment is to extract a copper from an ore Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

The UNIVAC Computer History and Development

The UNIVAC Computer History and Development The Universal Automatic Computer or UNIVAC was a computer milestone achieved by Dr. Presper Eckert and Dr. John Mauchly, the team that invented the ENIAC computer. John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, after leaving the academic environment of The Moore School of Engineering to start their own computer business, found their first client was the United States Census Bureau. The Bureau needed a new computer to deal with the exploding U.S. population (the beginning of the famous baby boom). In April 1946, a $300,000 deposit was given to Eckert and Mauchly for the research into a new computer called the UNIVAC. UNIVAC Computer The research for the project proceeded badly, and it was not until 1948 that the actual design and contract was finalized. The Census Bureaus ceiling for the project was $400,000. J Presper Eckert and John Mauchly were prepared to absorb any overrun in costs in hopes of recouping from future service contracts, but the economics of the situation brought the inventors to the edge of bankruptcy. In 1950, Eckert and Mauchly were bailed out of financial trouble by Remington Rand Inc. (manufacturers of electric razors), and the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation became the Univac Division of Remington Rand. Remington Rands lawyers unsuccessfully tried to re-negotiate the government contract for additional money. Under threat of legal action, however, Remington Rand had no choice but to complete the UNIVAC at the original price. On March 31, 1951, the Census Bureau accepted delivery of the first UNIVAC computer. The final cost of constructing the first UNIVAC was close to $1 million. Forty-six UNIVAC computers were built for both government and business uses. Remington Rand became the first American manufacturers of a commercial computer system. Their first non-government contract was for General Electrics Appliance Park facility in Louisville, Kentucky, who used the UNIVAC computer for a payroll application. UNIVAC Specs The UNIVAC had an add time of 120 microseconds, multiply time of 1,800 microseconds and a divide time of 3,600 microseconds.Input consisted of magnetic tape with a speed of 12,800 characters per second with a read-in speed of 100 inches per second, records at 20 characters per inch, records at 50 characters per inch, card to tape converter 240 cards per minute, 80 column punched card input 120 characters per inch, and punched paper tape to magnetic tape converter 200 characters a second.Output media/speed was magnetic tape/12,800 characters per second, uniprinter/10-11 characters per second, high-speed printer/600 lines per minute, tape to card converter/120 cards per minute, Rad Lab buffer storage/Hg 3,500 microsecond, or 60 words per minute. Competition with IBM John Presper Eckert and John Mauchlys UNIVAC was a direct competitor with IBMs computing equipment  for the business market. The speed with which UNIVACs magnetic tape could input data was faster than IBMs punch card technology, but it was not until the presidential election of 1952 that the public accepted the UNIVACs abilities. In a publicity stunt, the UNIVAC computer was used to predict the results of the presidential race between Dwight D. Eisenhower and Adlai Stevenson. The computer had correctly predicted that Eisenhower would win, but the news media decided to blackout the computers prediction and declared that the UNIVAC had been stumped. When the truth was revealed, it was considered amazing that a computer could do what political forecasters could not, and the UNIVAC quickly became a household name. The original UNIVAC now sits in the Smithsonian Institution.

Staging of Strategic Initiatives Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Staging of Strategic Initiatives - Assignment Example Consequently, strategic initiatives are bound by time, that is, time is specified for starting and completion of initiatives. The power of buyers dictates the number of sales that a firm makes. A firm has a large customer base if it uses giant retail outlets such as Wal-Mart. The store is a strategic distribution point since it is frequented by many buyers. However, this also implies that the buyers have immense power in dictating the success or failure of the firm. Thus, the buyers of Memorex flash drives have more power. Firms that are effective in reducing operational cost and also making products that look different from competitor’s products are better off than firms that implement cost leadership and differentiation separately. A differentiating firm is usually a step ahead in the market since customers tend to think theta the products are not close substitutes. This leads to more production at low costs, courtesy of economies of scale. Repeating the same task every time enhances the simplicity of the task. Consequently, an individual can understand various effects that can arise from a specific activity. This enhances the clarity and thus ability to be more productive. Repeatability enables a company to dedicate resources in new productive contexts, thus triggering more growth. A product loses value once new entrants impose substitutes on the market. The substitutes perform the same function as the original product, thus, purchase of one brand reduces sales of other substitutes. The market forces pull the prices down until an equilibrium price is achieved. This is the reason why the price of Laser teeth whitener fell from $500 to $100 upon introduction of other products that perform the same purpose. Espresso machines brew coffee and Starbucks roasts coffee beans and also makes a coffee beverage. However, the espresso process is automatic and involves pressurized  water mixing with coffee to produce the beverage.  

Question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Question - Assignment Example A company that uses agile management is likely to have increased growth and expansion because of the increased productivity. It also reduces time wasted building a project using various cycles. This approach uses iterations and breaks down the long cycles into less time. The popularity of the model over the waterfall model is because of its efficiency in increasing the client’s involvement in the process of software development. The end result of agile project management is always a little less predictable as compared to waterfall model. One would take this as a disadvantage, but that is not true. Agile adapts to changes in a much positive manner. It responds to issues as they arise and resolves them. Agile management and the Waterfall management both have advantages and disadvantages. Agile is very fast, quick and a more reliable approach to managing projects that need constant improvements. Unlike waterfall approach, agile is done in iterations. Agile management is oriented on offering quality services while waterfall management deals with construction projects and hardware Installation projects. Agile is suitable for projects that are new and yet to be tried Schmidt (2) This is a systematic and organized approach in your company to enable staff to transition from their current practices to those that the company focusses on. It involves influencing a good number of people to positively accept the changes being made. If there is no change management in a company, it could lead to failure of the business. IT departments need changes especially due to the current changes in the technological information. The critical success of an IT organization is highly dependent on its capability to control the IT changes. It should protect existing services during and after and ensure accurate changes are made. Change management programs help to align and organize the organization when undergoing major

Discussion on Quantitative Reasoning for Business Course Essay Example for Free

Discussion on Quantitative Reasoning for Business Course Essay Discussion on Quantitative Reasoning for Business Course Self Reflection Paper 10/15/08 Discussion on Quantitative Reasoning for Business Course For many years, the quantitative or mathematical approach to business problem solving was the cornerstone of MBA programs worldwide. The traditional approach has been a rational analysis: information is collected, collated, analyzed and interpreted, alternatives are formulated, and a logical choice is consciously arrived at (Bagchi, 2005). In practice this means: â€Å"the more information, the better; ‘cool and calm’ strategic thinking should not be ‘debased’ by feelings; efficient thought and behavior must be called upon to subjugate emotion† (Sadler-Smith, 2004). The Quantitative Reasoning for Business course would provide me with the prerequisites necessary to master the rational analysis. In recent years, however, the usefulness of the quantitative analysis training for future managers has been put into doubt. The requirement for fast decisions and the limits of human beings’ rational information-processing capacities may combine to impose severe demands upon executives’ cognitive capabilities to handle masses of information at the necessary speed (Sadler-Smith, 2004). That is when intuition comes into play. Intuition is difficult to describe but easy to recognize. Many of us will be intimately familiar with our own intuitions and will probably be able to identify, and may even envy or admire, those individuals who confidently display a ‘gut feel’ for complex situations and who appear to have an ‘instinct’ for grasping key issues quickly. This quality can be nurtured through life experience. The optimal solution thus, might be a combination of two approaches depending on circumstances. The relationship between intuition and rationality can work in two ways. For example, proceeding from intuition to rational analysis represents a ‘validation’ sequence in which gut feeling may be checked out by rational analysis by posing questions such as ‘Do the data support my hunch? Proceeding from rational analysis to intuition represents an ‘incubation’ sequence in which intuition provides an expertise-based or feelings-based validation for judgments arrived at through rational analysis (Sadler-Smith, 2004). In summary, quantitative training will probably benefit me by preparing me for the future courses in economics, finance, accounting, operations, and research (Quantitative Reasoning for Business Overview, nd). More importantly though, it will prepare me for the future ‘real world’ w ork, even when its direct usefulness is not as extensive as often believed its proponents.

Christianity and The Chronicles of Narnia Essay -- Chronicles of Narni

Christianity and The Chronicles of Narnia      Ã‚  Ã‚   C. S. Lewis, a well-known author and apologist, is best known by people of all ages for his seven volume series entitled The Chronicles of Narnia. As Lewis wrote about the land of Narnia, an imaginary world visited by children of this world, he had two obvious purposes: to entertain the readers and to suggest analogies of the Christian faith. Although some feel that his stories are violent, Lewis is successful at using fiction to open peoples' hearts to accepting Christ as their Savior because he first entertains the audience with a wonderful story.    Lewis talked about how he came to write the books of Narnia, saying that they "all began with a picture of a Faun carrying an umbrella and parcels in a snowy wood" (Lewis 79). The Chronicles tell of the different adventures of English children as they visit the kingdom of Narnia and fall in love with the lion Aslan. Aslan, "the son of the Emperor over Sea," can be compared to this world's Jesus Christ (Schakel 133). As a child, Lewis always favored fairy tales and fantasies; as an adult, he decided to write one (Lewis 60). And so began The Chronicles of Narnia. Rather than planning to write a fictional book that succeeded in using apologetics, Lewis admits that the "element" of Christianity, "as with Aslan," entered "of its own accord" (Hooper 31). Walter Hooper, C. S. Lewis' biographer, describes Lewis as being the most religious man he ever met (Schakel 132). For this reason, no matter what Lewis wrote, his religion would greatly impact all of his works.    Although Christian symbolism can be found... ...rtainer.    Works Cited    Dorsett, Lyle W. and Marjorie Lamp Mead, eds. C. S. Lewis Letters to Children. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1985.    Holbrook, David. The Skeleton in the Wardrobe: C. S. Lewis's Fantasies: A Phenomenological Study. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 1991.    Hooper, Walter. Past Watchful Dragons: The Narnian Chronicles of C. S. Lewis. New York: Collier Books, 1979.    Lewis, C. S. Of This and Other Worlds. Ed. Walter Hooper. St. James Place, London: Collins, 1982.    Martin, Holly Bigelow. "C. S. Lewis in the Secular Classroom." The Bulletin of the New York C. S. Lewis Society 22.4 (1991): 1-7.    Schakel, Peter J. Reading with the Heart: The Way Into Narnia. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1979.   

Christian Life Education Reflection Paper Essay

Prayer is a way of communication between me and God. It allows me to talk to Him and listen to Him so that I can establish a closer relationship with Him. As I went about my CLE classes, I learned that there were proper ways and intentions that are needed in order to make the most out of prayer, thus I reflected on my prayer life to see if I was praying according to the 4 keys. First, I evaluated Rico’s prayer life since it is by doing this that I can better evaluate my own prayer life. Rico prays to God whenever he needs help like during tests, and he does good deeds in order to make sure that God will answer his prayers. Whenever he doesn’t need Him, he doesn’t set time for prayer since he believes that studying is already a form of prayer. How one sees God affects how he relates to Him. In Rico’s case, he sees God as a vending machine. In vending machines, buyers insert money into the machine and in return, the machine gives the product the buyer desires. Rather than seeing God as a God who loves unconditionally, he sees God as someone who demands that he do good deeds in order for Him to grant the petitions of Rico. Rico promises God to stop cursing, to stop backstabbing and goes to mass whenever there are tests because he believes that God demand he does these good deeds so He will answer Rico’s prayer. Just like a ve nding machine, Rico believes he needs to give â€Å"money† or good deeds in return for the â€Å"product† or petition he wants. Ideally one should see God as an unconditional lover, who loves us despite flaws, since this allows the person to approach God with trust, honesty and love, making the relationship more real and genuine. Instead, Rico doesn’t believe in God’s unconditional love since he chooses to do good deeds to please love and make God love him. In reality, we shouldn’t do good to receive God’ love but we should be open to God’s unconditional love, which will then motivate and transform us to do good. How one sees himself also affects the way he relates with God in prayer since how we see ourselves shapes how we think others see ourselves. If we see ourselves as lovable, we will be open and honest since we know that the other person will love us the way we are. If we see ourselves as unlovable, we will be false and unreal since we will probably hide our true self to make others like us more. Rico’s image of himself is a mixture of both. He sees himself as lovable by God only when he does good deeds and  religious acts. He does these acts to please God and to assure himself that God will answer his prayers since he believes that doing these acts make him lovable by God. Rico doesn’t see himself as lovable when he indifferent towards others and when not doing good deeds. Because of this, he doesn’t find time to pray to God when he doesn’t need help or do good deeds. One assumption is that Rico is ashamed of the cursing, backstabbing and other bad deeds he has done, so he distances himself from God because he feels unworthy of his love. He only prays to God when he promises to do good deeds, so he probably thinks he is not worth listening to by God unless he does good. This will have a negative effect on his relationship with God since he chooses to distance his messy self from God rather than pray to God to improve their relationship because he feels unworthy due to his flaws and doesn’t think that God has unconditional love for him. Instead of all the prayer time he could have spent with God, he misses out on it because of his wrong perception of God and himself. Reading Rico’s sample prayer, I’m not entirely sure if he is honest with God. He appears to be buttering God up so that God will grant his petitions. He tells God he promises to stop cursing and backstabbing, yet he goes back to his indifferent ways during regular school days. For me, it doesn’t seem that he seems sincere in what he is saying, so his relationship cannot progress and remains shallow. He should focus more on expressing what he really feels in order to break down barriers with God and in order to make the relationship with God more real and intimate. Rico also has a hard time integrating prayer with daily life. Rather than making everyday an opportunity to pray to God, he only prays to God when he needs him. This is similar to a relationship with a doctor, wherein one goes to the doctor for his services only without establishing a personal relationship with him. Rico only goes to God when he needs something and doesn’t attempt to establish a personal relationship with him. Occupational prayer is about recognizing God’s presence in daily tasks, but Rico doesn’t do so since he only seeks God when he needs him. Other than those times, he studies and remains indifferent towards others, thus he doesn’t recognize God’s presence unless he needs Him. Spousal prayer is resting from work in order to be totally available to God. â€Å"My work is my prayer† is not an  excuse since we all need to spend at least 15 to 20 minutes everyday to talk to God alone, which will deepen our relationship with him and make occupational prayer more meaningful. Rico is â€Å"busy† and believes that studying is a form of prayer, thus he doesn’t make time daily for spousal prayer, which prevents him from deepening his relationship with God. Rico doesn’t listen to God often during prayer. Prayer is irrelevan t when one dominates the stage and keeps talking and asking for favors from God. Prayer becomes relevant when we use it to listen to God in order to discover what he wants us to do. Often times, what God has to say to us is more important that what we have to say to him, so we must be selfless enough to give him the stage and reflective enough to learn his message. In Rico’s case, he always dominates the stage by praying only to ask for petitions. He doesn’t listen to what God wants of him and only prays for his own personal intentions rather than praying to improve his relationship with God. Rico needs to become more selfless and put what God’s trying to say over what he’s going to say. By listening along with talking to God, prayer becomes a two-way communication, which allows his relationship to flourish with God.