After The Republican Takeover Of Congress In The 1994...

After the Republican takeover of Congress in the 1994 midterms, Newt Gingrich, a Republican from Georgia, assumed the Speakership and with it, the congressional agenda. He took bold action on an array of matters, but when it came to DADT, it quickly became clear that he had to retreat. On April 2, 1995, Gingrich declared that Congress would put back in place a definite ban on gays in the military, but took back his statement only two days later in the wake of political reality. There was a â€Å"conspicuous absence of political support for reopening the contentious issue . . . even among conservative Republicans† (Towell 1036). Once Clinton made the decision to compromise, it satisfied enough people to be kept in place, and there was not†¦show more content†¦By the time Obama assumed the presidency, several states had already legalized same-sex marriage and the Democratic White House looked in good shape – with a newly Democratic Congress – to make the m ilitary policy change that Clinton had originally hoped for (Wolf). The public opinion shift towards pro-LGBT rights swung the momentum towards Obama and the Democrats to be able to define the problem of DADT as one that needed changing. Although President Obama now had the power of problem definition, the path towards repealing DADT was anything but automatic. As Godwin, Ainsworth, and Godwin, explain, â€Å"Most policy issues . . . must compete for a place on the agenda† (Godwin 51). Agenda setting is the next step in the public policy model after problem definition, and the DADT repeal did not make it onto the agenda right away. President Obama took office in early 2009, but did not immediately make a move on homosexual military policy as Clinton did. Obama acknowledged that the process to repeal DADT would have to go through the proper legislative channels, most importantly involving Pentagon officials, before it could come to a congressional vote. He and his allies agree d that the best course of action was to â€Å"wait on definitive recommendations from the military† (Rogin 1694). Clinton’s early push for action led to a compromise that was not only seen as a defeat for the administration, but also shied away many DemocraticShow MoreRelatedThe Patient Protection Affordable Care Act ( Ppaca )3791 Words   |  16 Pageshas been handling the balance of power. This law has been in the making since 1989, conceptually beginning as the Individual Health Insurance Mandate through the Heritage Foundation. The individual health insurance mandate had been introduced by Republicans twice in 1993, in hopes of providing â€Å"a bill to provide comprehensive reform of the health care system of the United States† (Sen Chafee, 1993). The bill has been revised multiple times since 1993, budding into what is commonly called Obamacare

Tesco Culture Essay example - 1561 Words

The analysis on the impacts, values and the significance of organizational culture in Tesco Introduction Culture is one of the terms that have been becoming more familiar in the 21st century among the multinational companies all around the world. The world has been shrunken by the fasting travelling and communicating technologies which has brought down the barriers for the organisations having business in international market. But still then there are few barriers that make the international business critical and hard for everyone to succeed in it. This is due to the factor that the businesses have direct influence over the culture that is followed in the respective country where the business is carried out. So it would be interesting to†¦show more content†¦The author highlights the fact that there is no single method that is readily available for a problem under consideration. Hence the thesis also uses the combination of the literature survey, qualitative method and the case study to make it a comprehensive study. The literature survey was used to identify the parameters to address the research questions that are structured at the beginning of the study. There are several methods of qualitative methods like the survey research, correlation research, research based on the experiments. The survey research is based on the scientific sampling and the questions are designed to capture the population characteristics. The research is about finding the parameters for impact and significance of the culture in the extensive literature survey has been carried out to arrive at the factors, in addition to the annual reports and the archival data. The thesis also adopts qualitative research technique to study about the parameters that were necessary for successful implementation. The research method adopted is the survey. The qualitative methods are widely used in the field of social science because of their ability to produce the same kind of the results. The parameters can be studied byShow MoreRelatedTesco Company Culture4494 Words   |  18 PagesIntroduction TESCO is a company that was founded in 1919 by JACK COHEN. It is presented usually as a big international retailer which is  based essentially in Great Britain but also in China, Republic  Czech, Hungary, Japan ... It means this firm is as well  in Europe, Asia and the United States. It represents 3 956 stores and  over 440 000 employees worldwide (Tesco.com, 2009). In the context of globalization it is  therefore appeared vital for TESCO to develop a corporate culture and an  organizationRead MoreFactors That Influence The Success Or Failure Of An Organization Change Effort1615 Words   |  7 Pages This paper aims to give an overview of Tesco and analyse the challenges Dave Lewis faces, now that he has taken the CEO’s position, which was preceded by Philip Clarke. Recommendations will be made with regards to resistance to change management, as it is an issue that should not be overlooked. After looking at these matters, the appropriate leadership style for this particular case will be proposed, evaluating different theories and points of view. Tesco is a customer-orientated business foundedRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Tesco1007 Words   |  5 Pages This assignment focus on analyzing human resource management in two companies: Tesco and Sainsbury which are in retail industry. It will highlight key area: human resource management, motivation, employment low. Tesco plc is the largest retailer in UK, as well as being a highly significant retailer globally.Tesco PLC is a British multinational grocery, and general merchandise retailer headquartered in Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom, that was founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen .It isRead MorePest Analysis1204 Words   |  5 PagesStrategic Management of TESCO supermarket: PESTEL analysis, Porter s 5 Forces analysis, Critical success factors, SWOT Analysis, VALUE CHAIN analysis, TESCO S strategic options, Core Competences Cultural Web. IINTRODUCTION The food and drink retail sector represents the largest industry in the UK, providing employment for over three million people in primary production, manufacturing and retailing. In 2003 retail accounted for 9% of gross domestic product (Datamonitor, 2003). In recent yearsRead MoreData and Technology in Business1053 Words   |  4 Pagesof government publications are common methods of collecting quantitative data. For example. Tesco has the Clubcard scheme that allows customers to save money on shopping by giving price-off vouchers. Customers gain for every pound that they spend at any of the Tesco stores. Moreover, Tesco Clubcard works as a marketing tool useful data relating to the buying habits of individual customers. Therefore, Tesco used this customer data to shape the product offerings, create ranges, gain a better understandingRead MoreWhat Should The New Ceo Of Tesco Do For The Business Now?1189 Words   |  5 PagesCEO of Tesco do for the business now? The supermarket industry is a very competitive market. In April 2014 it was reported that the UK grocery market was worth  £174.5 billion (igd.com, 2014). This essay aims to identify some of the problems effecting Tesco and point out the solutions and options available to the new CEO of Tesco’s Dave Lewis, in order to stay competitive and remain a market leader. Tesco was founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen from a market stall in London’s East End. Today, Tesco headquartersRead MoreTesco Porter Value Chlain and Environmental Analysis1777 Words   |  8 Pagessupport activities: firm infrastructure, human resources, technology development and procurement, so focus will be given to primary activities as they are crucial for distinguishing the strengths and weaknesses of Tesco s performance. The overall cost leadership strategic management of Tesco is exhibited in its lean and agile inbound logistics function. The company uses its leading market position and economies of scope as key barging powers to achieve low cost from its suppliers. According to OfficeRead MoreDescribe the Influence of Two Contrasting Economic Environments on Business Activities Within a Selected Organisation1721 Words   |  7 Pagesselected organisation, Tesco, there are 2 important economic environments that have an influence on business activities. Both economic environments will have a different way on affecting Tesco. The economic environments are growth and recession. Economic growth occurs when more goods are being produced and consumed, and incomes are rising. A growth company tends to have very profitable reinvestment opportunities for its own retained earnings. Economic growth will affect Tesco as it would increaseRead MoreGlobal Strategy : Analysis Pr Course School2376 Words   |  10 PagesTutor______________________ Date _______________ â€Æ' â€Æ' GLOBAL STRATEGIES OF TESCO Tesco is a UK’s leading retail company having above 570 stores in United Kingdom, and it also has stores in other countries like Poland, Hungary, France, Slovakia and Czech Republic. Tesco is committed to make and increase the shareholder value through many innovative strategies. These strategies are based on many principles like: Tesco provides high quality services to the customers with the best and remarkable pricesRead More1. Based on the Case Study and Your Own Research on Competitors, Summarize the Strategic Approaches Which Have Helped Tesco.Com Achieve Success Online.5953 Words   |  24 Pagesin Tesco.com. After the establishment of various virtual supermarkets, a new phase began when established brick and mortar supermarkets entered the online grocery shopping arena by adopting a ‘click and mortar’ strategy. In the UK there are Tesco, Sainsbury’s, Asda, and Waitrose.com. These players, by combining the strength of traditional retailing with Internet shopping, have achieved rapid growth. The SWOT analysis of Tesco.com reveals that it is most powerful retail brand, reputation

No Taxation Without Repesentation Free Essays

Explain the meaning of the revolutionary slogan ‘no taxation without representation’. How did that express the core values of the new American political culture? Under American Revolution we understand politic developments in British colonies in North America in 1775-1783, which ended up creating the United States. They were caused by the unwillingness of the colonies to obey to the interests of the metropolis. We will write a custom essay sample on No Taxation Without Repesentation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The slogan that best expressed the cause of the revolution was ‘No taxation without representation’. It was widely used as a main complaint to royalty and colonial administration during the American Revolution. The slogan originated in the 50 – 60 years of the XVIII century, when British colonists in America began to realize that in spite of their large number and business activities, which are taxed, they have no representation in the Parliament and cannot exercise their rights guaranteed by the Bill of Rights, adopted in 1689. Let’s look a little bit closer to the history. In the 1760s British Parliament for the first time started a massive taxation of Americans, violating the fundamental bourgeois legal precept – no taxation without representation. Residents of the province were used to and wanted to continue to pay only the taxes that have been approved by their own elected representatives in local assemblies. Britain took, in addition, a law forbidding Americans to move to the vacant land. This law affected rich landowners, whose entrepreneurial appetites were dramatically reduced; and also small and poor farmers, who had been taken away a cherished dream of their own land. It was followed by political repression: restrictions on freedom of religion, the abolition of jury trials, the privacy of home and property, entry of the British troops in North America. Many of these decrees and laws came from the monarch, but in contrast to earlier times the freedom and rights of Americans have been actively suppressed and limited also by the British Parliament. Since the 1760s Britain actually began to rule in North America as an absolute monarchy, trying to impose conditions inherent in feudal society. Americans cherish for more than a half century bourgeois social order, were shocked by their attempt to create a new absolutism. The 1760-1770-ies were characterized by the democratization of the political consciousness of Americans and American political culture. An ideological revolution was developing in America, that prepared and made possible a half decade later, the political revolution. Democratization touched a political practice in North America also. Previously unknown forms of political action of the people were developing: mass gatherings, meetings, rallies. Thus was formed the immediate or direct democracy, that started to compete with representative democracy. All sorts of amateur political organizations were created; the most prominent among them was the â€Å"Sons of Liberty†. The most prominent representative of the moderate stage and course of the anti-colonial movement was James Otis. He was most famously associated with the phrase, â€Å"taxation without representation is tyranny†. In the 1760s he became a political oracle of American patriots. In 1761 in the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, Otis condemned the English decree, empowers customs colonies search procedure without judicial authorization of any dwelling to retrieve contraband. Otis argued that the famous English Bill of Rights and Habeas Corpus Act, which guaranteed inviolability of the person, property and housing, equally apply to Americans. No law or decree can be accepted that contradicts these basic acts which Otis after Blackstone called the Constitution. Otis turned the English Constitution and natural law in two main pillars to protect the interests of Americans. Demonstrating brilliant erudition and perseverance, he drew from the English constitution provisions that guarantee citizens the security of property, and the right to representative government and trial by jury, and freedom of religion, and many other rights, which were based on liberal bourgeois world order. Otis has worked hard to prove the importance of the struggle for representation of North American provinces in Parliament. But his tenacity has not conceived a significant impact on his compatriots. Common sense told patriots, that a small group of colonial deputies in parliament cannot change its policy. Samuel Adams, who was established in the late 1760-1770’s at the leading position in the patriotic movement of Massachusetts, states that the colonies cannot be fully represented in Parliament and that their representation at Westminster will turn against provinces itself. That would legitimize parliamentary tyranny for North America, and that therefore, a struggle of patriots for seats in the English legislature leads them astray. American political culture contains a number of core ideals, values and standards that define the relationship between citizens and government, and citizens to one another. Different societies view politics differently, and have different approaches to the view of society. In America, the views of society are liberty, equality, democracy, and individualism. Liberty as right to be free; equality as equality of opportunity; democracy as elected officials from the people; and individualism as the individual’s rights are valued above those of the state (government). The American system creates in people a confidence that each and every person have to play by the same rules, and the role of the government is to protect these rules; confidence in the will of the people to support enterprise and entrepreneurship, to persistent work anywhere. And even if at some point people are unsuccessful, they will be making efforts to achieve success again and again. How to cite No Taxation Without Repesentation, Essay examples

Numeracy and MathematicsCommunicating Ideas

Question: Discuss about the Report for Numeracy and Mathematics of Communicating Ideas. Answer: Differences between numeracy and mathematics Mathematics is concerned with communicating ideas, searching for patterns, and solving problems. It involves the ability to apply logical and abstract reasoning to answer certain kinds of problems. On other words, mathematics is a language that assists in relaying complex concepts and ideas in a concise and precise manner. The language used in mathematics is symbolic and results in the emergence of exciting discoveries by manipulating the statements. Mathematics extensively applies conjectures and patterns in studying change, space, structure, and quantity in an attempt to establish truth using suitable definitions and axioms. Therefore, mathematics is studied as a body of knowledge that entails statistical analysis, quadratic equations, and calculus. Numeracy on the other hand, is a concrete concept that involves realistic approach to mathematics and concentrate on functional addresses as opposed to mathematics that is platonic and abstract by giving absolute truths concerning relationships among ideal objects. It is the disposition, confidence, and capacity to the application of mathematics to meet the needs of the civic, community, work, home, school, and learning life (National Curriculum Board, 2009). It goes beyond the confines of mere computation and includes fundamental skills such as interpretation of diagrams, chats, and data (Perso, 2011). It also involves logical reasoning and thinking, understanding and explanation of solutions and problem solving. Perso (2011) cites that numeracy entails the disposition to the application in content a permutation of various skills such as algebraic, statistical, graphical, spatial, and numerical skills and the underpinning mathematical concepts. Other concepts applied in numeracy inc lude solid appreciation of context, general thinking skills, and mathematical strategies, and thinking. Therefore, numeracy is a capability meaning, a learner is either numerate or not. A numerate learner possesses the disposition and capacity to apply mathematical concepts in a wide range of contexts other than the confines of mathematics classroom. This means that numeracy is contextual and concrete and offers contingent solutions to real life problems. Differentiation Competency Framework Competence is a state or quality of being adequate in terms of functionality or possessing adequate skill, strength, and knowledge (Kendal Stacey, 2003). The authors cite that Differentiation Competency Framework is a technological tool that supports teaching of calculus by working with several representations of functions. To assist the instructors in teaching differentiation, the multiple representations are employed in computing gradients of tangents and curves, difference quotients, and the application of symbolic differentiation principles. Learners however, require a broad range of skills to link and apply the representations in differentiation. According to the Kendal and Stacey (2003), Differentiation Competency Framework can be used for three functions. To start with, Differentiation Competency Framework can be used for numerical representation in a case where the differentiation has both rate of change and quotient. Such a differentiation involves tabular presentation of a given differential function by obtaining the respective rate of change that can be found by determining the average of change over a suitable interval of x [x, x+h] = ( f (x + h) f( x))/ h. Therefore, numerical differentiation representation entails the computation of arbitrary infinitesimal quotients known as numerical derivatives. Secondly, Differentiation Competency Framework can be used for graphical differentiation. In a general sense, differentiation involves the determination of the gradient of a given curve. The gradient or slope can be interpreted to mean the undulation of the line represents the given curve at the highest resolution. In most cases, the gradient of the tangent or derivative to the curve is an estimation rather than precise. Thus, cannot be detected in a normal introductory problem. Thirdly, Differentiation Competency Framework can be used in symbolic differentiation. The derivative of a function from the perspective of symbolic representation can be determined by standard rules by using CAS or by hand. Brendefur and the Spatial Reasoning Brendefur (2011), a mathematics professor at the Boise State University notes that one of the most effective forecasters of the later success in mathematics is the capacity to manipulate stimuli visually. The professor also believes that this concept of spatial reasoning is of unparalleled importance in mathematics in which 3-D, 2-D shapes are broken apart and put together, and the ideas are combined together, twisted, and turned where there are changes in the orientation of the object. The author mentions that such a model can effectively be used as a predictor of the afterward success in mathematics and can be acquired through practices and methods. The most important aspect of this model is that is assists the learners in developing fluency in regards to arithmetical operations and is therefore, necessary in strengthening the various measurement concepts. In his explanation, Brendefur reiterates that mathematics is not merely about notations, symbols, and numbers but stretches to encompass spatial reasoning. According to Uttal and Cohen (2012), spatial thinkingis a class ofreasoningskills that encompasses the ability to think about objects in 3-D and to draw inferences about such objects from partial information available. A learner that possesses good spatialqualities might also possess remarkable thinking qualities about how an object/body will appear when given a rotation. Van Hieles Levels of Geometric Thinking There are five levels of Van Hieles Geometric Thinking. Level One (Visualization) In this level, learners identify and recognize figures by appearance only, usually by comparing such figures to a familiar prototype (Genz, 2006). The attributes of the figure are not comprehended. In this level, learners make decisions on the basis of perception as opposed to reasoning. Examples include flipping, sliding, and rotation. Level Two (Analysis) In this level, learners view figures as collections of characteristics. The learners can distinguish and name attributes of geometric figures although they cannot establish the relationships between such attributes. In describing an object, a learner in this level may enumerate all the attributes that he knows although he may not tell apart which attributes are crucial and the ones that are adequate to describe the object/shape (Genz, 2006). Examples include translation, and reflection. Level Three (Abstraction) According to Genz (2006), in this level, learners can identify the relationships between attributes and between figures. This implies that learners can establish momentous definitions and offer informal arguments to rationalize their thoughts. This is because they understand the class inclusions and logical implications like square as a form of a rectangle. The learners however, do not understand the function and implication of formal deduction. A good example is the ability to calculate the area of a triangle having mastered how to calculate the area of a rectangle. Level Four (Deduction) In this level, learners are able to assemble proofs, appreciate the function of axioms and definitions, and discern the importance of essential and adequate conditions. This implies that learners are able to develop proofs similar and typical to the ones found in the geometry class in a high school. A good example is establishing the similarity and congruence in triangles. Level Five (Rigor) In this level, learners are able to comprehend the formal facets of deduction, for examples, in constituting and comparing mathematical models and systems. The learners can comprehend the application of oblique proof and proof by contra positive analysis. Further, the learners are able to appreciate the non-Euclidean models at this level. A good example is being able to develop theorems without referring to figures. Reasons for the deterioration of mathematical sciences in Australia According to Brown (2009), the state of quantitative disciplines like the mathematical sciences in Australia has been deteriorating to a precarious degree and continues to deteriorate. The deterioration can be attributed to the deterioration in the quantitative skills in Australian curriculum. The quantitative skills entail the numbers and how they are applied for data analysis, recording, and measuring. The concept also implies the performance of statistical or mathematical calculations. The quantitative skills are necessary as a foundation for higher learning such as in mathematics, engineering, biology, chemistry, and physics. Unfortunately, the skills have not been improved although identifying and developing functional science programs in Australia could achieve this. The reason is that most learning institutions in Australia continue to struggle to comprehend the process of integrating quantitative skills within the curriculum especially in modern science to reflect their quant itative and interdisciplinary nature. Another reason is that the Australian curriculum is not future looking and innovative. This greatly hinders the implementation of quantitative skills in the learning programs and models designed for the various levels. Benefits of incorporating technology in learning mathematics There are several advantages of learning mathematics with technology. To start with, technology makes the process of learning mathematics more interactive. This allows for creating learning experiences that are dynamic. Through technology, learners can receive and share information among themselves and with their teachers such as the use of computer and mobile phone. In this manner, the learners are able to get feedback from their instructors even when outside the classroom setup. The incorporation of technology in learning mathematics boosts communication between the teachers and the learners. For instance, the use of computers in classroom allows learners to collaborate, interact, and present their learning outcomes. This trains the learners to be publishers, editors, writes, and readers (Borovik, 2011). Another reason for incorporation of technology in learning mathematics is increased adaptability and flexibility to differentiated learning using devices like vodcasts and podcasts. This helps the learners to study at their own pace in private. Besides, the slow learners and those with learning disability can also study at their preferred pace without undue pressure from their faster counterparts. Part 1 The student did not follow the necessary mathematical logic The student directly multiplied the corresponding numerator and denominator yet this is a problem involving division. I would help the student understand that division involving fractions requires the multiplication of the first term by the reciprocal of the second term for instance, 2/3 = 2/3 x 4/3 = 8/9 Part 2 The argument about the conversion is wrong The student misrepresented the fact about currency conversion I would take the student through the correct steps $1 USD = $ 1.25 CAD Therefore, $ 10 CAD = 10/1.25 = $ 8.0 USD Part 3 The student got the wrong answer The logic of converting square meters to square kilometers is wrong I would take the student through the following steps A =250 x 500 = 125000 m2 But 106 m2 = 1 km2 Therefore 125000 m2 = 125000/1000000 = 0.125 km2 Part 4 The answer is wrong The reasoning is not accurate since this is a case of probability The students should use the probability logic P (winning) = number of chances/ total number of lotto plays Part 5 The answer is wrong The student failed to follow a mathematical principle The student should use the identity (a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2 Where a = x and b = 2 Therefore, the solution is x2 4x + 4 Part 6 The answer is wrong The student failed to factor in the gender in the calculation The student should include the gender in computing the solution Part 7 The answer is wrong The probability logic is inaccurate The probability is a definite number. In this case it is 80% Part 8 The answer is wrong The product of an odd number and an even number is always even I would give the student example like 3 x 2 = 6 (even) 5 x 4 = 20 (even) Part 3.1 Correct answer Gradient m, = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  y/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  x = (y2 y1)/ (x2 x1) But (x1, y1) = (0, 2) (x2, y2) = (4, 0) Therefore, m = (0 2)/(4 0) = - 0.5 Three possible wrong answers by the student -2 by dividing à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  x/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  y instead of à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  y/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  x 0.5 the student failing to include the ve sign iii 0.5 the student dividing 2/4 directly instead of computing the difference Part 3.2 Correct answer Speed S = distance D/ Time T S = D/T = 0.87 km/h Convert distance into kilometers 1000 m = 1 km Therefore, 350 m = 0.35 km Time = Distance/Speed = 0.35 km/0.87 km/h = 0.4023 hours = 24 minutes Possible answers by the student 402 .3 hours by failing to convert the distance to km 0025 hours by reversing the order of division (dividing speed by distance) 5 by directly multiplying speed and distance Part 3.3 Correct answer Let the number of people be p Let the number of tables be t In one table there are 8 people In 2 tables, there are 14 people, The difference is 6, Meaning, for every increase in the number of tables by 1, there is additional 6 people Therefore, 1 table = 8 2 tables = 8 + 6 = 8 + 6(1) 3 tables = 8 + 6 +6 = 8 + 6(2) 4 tables = 8 + 6 + 6 + 6 = 8 + 6(3) Meaning, p = 8 + 6(t-1) Possible student answer p = 8 + (2t-2) since the difference is the first multiplied by 2 less 2 p = t + 6(t-1) assuming the first tables carries 8 people p= 8t -2 since the difference between resultant product is less by 2 Part 3.4 correct answer angle sum of a triangle = 180 let the 3rd angle be y 53 + y + 90 = 180 y = 37 but the triangles are the same and six therefore, 37 x 6 = 222 angle sum at a point = 360 x = 360 222 =1380 possible answers 42 degrees by taking 53, multiplying by 6 and subtracting from 360 222 by multiplying 37 by 6 iii 37 by failing to recognize the 5 triangles Part 3.6 correct answer P (even and multiple of 3) = chances of picking an even number that is a multiple of 3/ total number of chips Even numbers that are a multiple of 3 are 6, 12, and 18 = 3 numbers out of 12 = 3/12 = possible student answers 8/12 = 2/3 by considering all the even numbers 5/12 by considering all the multiples of 3 iii 4/12 = 1/3 by considering all the odd numbers Part 3.7 correct answer let the short tree be x m tall the tall tree will be (x + 2) m ratio of the shorter to the taller is 5:9 x: x + 2 = 5:9 x/5 = x + 2/9 9x = 5x + 10 x = 2.5 m ( the shorter tree) x + 2 = 4.5 m (the taller tree) possible student answers 6.5 m by reversing the numerator and the denominator -6.5m by misrepresenting the tall and short tree iii 3.8 m by dividing 9/5 and adding 2 References Borovik, A. (2011). Information technology in university-level mathematics teaching and learning: a mathematician's point of view.Research In Learning Technology,19(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v19i1.17106 Brendefur, J. (2011).Spatial Reasoning and the Mathematical Mind | Beyond the Blue.Beyondtheblue.boisestate.edu. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from https://beyondtheblue.boisestate.edu/blog/2011/11/28/jonathan-brendefur/ Brown, G. (2009). Review of Education in Mathematics, Data Science and Quantitative Disciplines: Report to the Group of Eight Universities.Group Of Eight (NJ1). Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED539393 Genz, R. (2006).Determining high school geometry students' geometric understanding using van Hiele levels. Kendal, M. Stacey, K. (2003). Tracing learning of three representations with the differentiation competency framework.Mathematics Education Research Journal,15(1), 22-41. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03217367 National Curriculum Board,. (2009).Shape of the Australian curriculum. Carlton, Vic.: National Curriculum Board. Perso, T. (2011). Assessing Numeracy and NAPLAN.Australian Mathematics Teacher,67(4), 32-35. Retrieved from https://file:///C:/Users/gg/Downloads/amt67_4_perso.pdf Uttal, D. Cohen, C. (2012). Spatial Thinking and STEM Education.The Psychology Of Learning And Motivation,57, 147-181. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-394293-7.00004-2

Alfred Hitchcocks Vertigo Film Techniques and Cinematography Essay

Introduction Alfred Hitchcock is one of the legends of English and American cinematography. It is impossible to imagine a person who does not know Hitchcock and the contribution he made to the world filmmaking. His personal invention of numerous techniques in different genres made his films spectacular and different from what existed on the screens. Underlining Hitchcock’s impact on the world cinematography, Jean Luc Godard said, â€Å"The death of Hitchcock makes the passage from one era to another†¦Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Alfred Hitchcock’s Vertigo: Film Techniques and Cinematography Essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More I believe we are entering an era defined by the suspension of the visual†.[1] The focus of our discussion is going to be Hitchcock’s film Vertigo and the technical effects present as the helping elements to for movie perception. Vertigo is a psychologi cal thriller which comprises an original idea, a telling title and the visual effects which contribute to the understanding of the main idea of the movie. The main purpose of this paper is to dwell upon the movie Vertigo and to understand its underlying theme, the role of lighting and cinematography effects in movie perception and to compare and contrast it to other films shot by the director in America. Vertigo by Alfred Hitchcock: The Difference in Seeing and Being Seen Underlying Theme in Hitchcock’s Vertigo Watching a movie Vertigo, a viewer remains in tension from the first minute up to its final scene. Hitchcock kept the viewer in guessing for some time, whether Madeleine and Judy was one and the same person. Providing the audience with the story about a detective Scottie who had to retire from the police work because of the developing latent acrophobia and Madeleine/Judy who fell in love with each other but the strange story of Madeleine’s death does not allow S cottie and Judy be together. The finale of the movie is unpredictable as no one can expect that Judy is going to die.[2] Still, a close consideration of the movie may provide us with some specific ideas which point to the underlying themes in the film. Hill and Helmers want to state that â€Å"Vertigo positions its viewers, its characters, Hitchcock, and its cinematic style in a matrix of ideological practices and rhetorical appeals analyzable as identification and division†.[3] Much attention is paid to Scottie and his pure but at the same time imaginary identification. Hitchcock wanted to show the difference between something that was seen and that what desired to be seen. Identification of people and object is the central theme of the movie. The audience had to think thoroughly to understand the director’s plan.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Role of Lightin g and Cinematography Effects in Movie Perception It is impossible to get the underlying idea of the film without discussing the techniques used there. Throughout the whole movie, the director implements a great variety of different visual techniques â€Å"to focus our attention on the psychological consequences of this desire for identification or identity†.[4] The camera zoom, different visual effects, change of color, light and picture, and offline editing are the most important techniques which help the audience to understand the main idea of the movie. Here is a close consideration of each effect which adds to the understanding of the film. There are a lot of different scenes when some objects become either lighter of darker. For example, there is moment when Madeleine is in the shot. In this very scene, the restaurant wall on the background becomes brighter. The main idea of the light here is to underline the moment, and make the blurred red restaurant walls more visible . One of the main purposes of this effect is to â€Å"give a visual uplift, a small background effect which subtly enhances the emotional high-point to which this scene was lading†.[5] The art of montage is magnificent in the film. There are a lot of different effects which seem simple for a modern viewer, but a close consideration of the quality and the period when the movie was shot may state this effect if magnificent. For example, the highest effect from montage is achieved when the main character shadows his friend’s wife by car. Both the main character and the audience are confused whether the persecuted car is the necessary one or not. Another good example of montage is achieved with Kim Novak. Hitchcock has managed to create a three-screen effect, when a â€Å"triadic image appears within the same picture†.[6] As a result, an actor (Novak) is seen in one and the same picture, as double, Madeleine and Judy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sam ple on Alfred Hitchcock’s Vertigo: Film Techniques and Cinematography Essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The music effects also impress. The alteration of the sound pays attention to some specific scenes and events which take place in the movie, e.g. at the moment when Scottie sees Madeleine’s half-image, â€Å"the soundtrack moves from a believable representation of the restaurant environment to thy mysterious-romantic music which peaks at the moment when Scottie’s half-imaged view of Madeleine is most vivid†.[7] The music volume also plays important role as when the sound increases, the viewers pay more attention to the events and shot than to others. Camera is really important in this movie as Hitchcock has managed to use the camera as the part of the film. The main peculiarity f the place of the came in the movie is that it shoots â€Å"the processes†.[8] For example, returning to the same sc ene when Madeleine is standing on the background of the red restaurant wall, the camera shows Scottie’s face and eyes which â€Å"move away from camera to the bar† and then â€Å"bridges the cut to the next image of Madeleine in profile†.[9] It is the moment when it seems that the eyes of Scottie and Madeleine might meet. But, â€Å"Madeleine’s forward-facing gaze is broken by her distracted look down and to her right, towards (but not at) the camera†.[10] Having considered these scenes, it may be concluded that the camera is the part of the movie, which might possess â€Å"both active and passive possibilities or ontological qualities†.[11] The so-called imaginary point of view becomes noticed when the gazes of Scottie and Judy almost meet. â€Å"The camera captures a key image in that part of the scene which Scottie later recalls from his mind†.[12] This camera effect helps us see that this scene is more about Scottie’s thoug hts and emotions, the reflection of his character. Visual effects in the movie also add to the understanding of the understanding of the movie title and idea. Scottie feels vertigo when he has to look down from height as he has an acrophobia. The ability to zoom the camera makes us feel vertigo in reality. This effect is perfectly seen in the first scenes of the movie when Scottie’s partner dies and causes his acrophobia. The Similarity of Vertigo with other Hitchcock’s Films Almost all Hitchcock’s films are similar in the ideas, he was fond of shooting suspicious and psychological thrillers. Putting the visual effects as one of the main points of our discussion, it is important to state that Vertigo is very similar to Psycho.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A triadic image is seen when Perkins appears in doubles, as Bates and Mother.[13] The theme of â€Å"psychological consequences of seeing and being seen†[14] considered in Vertigo is highlighted in the other Hitchcock’s films, especially in Rear Window and Psycho. Considering the main topics of these movies and the techniques used for their shooting, it may be concluded that the main message the author wanted to deliver is that that human desires may ruin everything what people desired. It seems that the problem of voyeurism and objectification is really important for the author, as he has implemented this theme in many American films. Conclusion Thus, it may be concluded that visual effects, camera movements, music sound and other techniques the director uses while shooting a film are extremely important for movie perception. We have based our attention on Alfred Hitchcock’s movie Vertigo and the effects the director used to reach the desired goal. The film dir ector wanted to show us the different between seeing and being seen. He managed to do this via numerous camera and visual effects which added to the understanding of the scenes. Lightening and sound were also important as they paid our attention to the specific profiles and shots. Works Cited Deutelbaum, Marshall and Leland A. Poague. A Hitchcock reader. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2009. Print. Gibbs, John and Douglas Pye. Style and meaning: studies in the detailed analysis of film. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005. Print. Hill, Charles A. and Marguerite H. Helmers. Defining visual rhetorics. London: Routledge, 2004. Print. Orr, John. Hitchcock and twentieth-century cinema. London: Wallflower Press, 2005. Print. Vertigo. Dir. Alfred Hitchcock. Perf. James Stewart, Kim Novak, and Barbara Bel Geddes. Paramount Pictures, 1958. Film. Footnotes Charles A. Hill and Marguerite H. Helmers, Defining visual rhetorics (London: Routledge, 2004) 111. Vertigo, dir. Alfred Hitchco ck, perf. James Stewart, Kim Novak, and Barbara Bel Geddes. Paramount Pictures, 1958. Hill and Helmers, 119. Ibid. John Gibbs and Douglas Pye, Style and meaning: studies in the detailed analysis of film (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005) 93. John Orr, Hitchcock and twentieth-century cinema (London: Wallflower Press, 2005) 128. Gibbs and Pye, 94. Marshall Deutelbaum and Leland A. Poague, A Hitchcock reader (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2009) 235. Gibbs and Pye, 93. Ibid. Deutelbaum and Poague, 241. Gibbs and Pye, 94 Orr, 128. Hill and Helmers, 111. This essay on Alfred Hitchcock's Vertigo: Film Techniques and Cinematography was written and submitted by user Brogan Pierce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Comparing Kindergarten programs in the US to the UK

Comparing Kindergarten programs in the US to the UK Introduction Kindergartens are very important in the education system of different countries. In most countries it is compulsory while in some it is optional. Kindergartens are the foundational classes for education. The kindergarten helps shape the child’s attitudes towards education. They are also believed to have an impact on the child’s performance in their future.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Comparing Kindergarten programs in the US to the UK specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kindergarten refers to the beginning of primary school education and is sometimes compulsory. Children who attend kindergarten are between 4-5 years and sometimes 6 years. Kindergartens are experience based training for children so that they learn how to read, write and interact with others in a group. Graham (2009, p. 1) points out that in the United Kingdom (UK), the word ‘year’ is equivalent to grad e in the US. Another terminology for clarification is ‘public school’. In UK public school is an institution that privately owned while in the United States (US) it is an institution funded by the government. An equivalent name for kindergarten in UK is preschool. Sometimes nursery may be used. All these names refer to the education that is given to schools or students who are about to join the first grade or the first year of school. This essay will compare and contrast the kindergarten programs in US and in UK. Comparing Kindergarten programs in the US to the UK Curriculum Curriculum is the organized activities that are relevant to a specific time of learning. The curriculum enables students to learn and understand. It also makes note of the differences in abilities and is designed to be applicable to diverse students. Another aspect of kindergarten curriculum that is identical in the US and in the UK is the fact that it encompasses a lot of play and experienced learn ing. The curriculum makes the child not to experience any form of failure in their experience based play. Furthermore, the curriculum motivates children to learn. Another similarity between US and UK kindergartens is that the curriculum pays attention to the needs of the children. The programs encourage the students to interact with their environment.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They explore the environment by encouraging creativity and explorative activities that are exiting. Although the child at times may wish to play individually, group activities are encouraged as they learn to interact with their age group and their parents. The curriculum develops the personality of the student. In both US and UK, activities that foster self esteem and self-discipline are incorporated. Some students who demonstrate leadership abilities are also nurtured. Decision making t hrough informal play is encouraged so that they learn how to make choices for themselves. The curriculums also have a range of skill based training that teach the student concentration capability. They also learn to be independent and to express themselves. The curriculum in both US and UK incorporates a lot of storytelling and music in the curriculum. Therefore, there is a variety in the curriculum that permits children to learn. There are other programs that are incorporated in the school curriculum both US and UK. The kindergarten is taught to write their name, their home address, a mobile number telephone number that belong to the parent and their birth day. These programs are personalized according to individual needs. Progress reports are given to the parents or guardians of the children at least once a year. Some institutions also offer three times a year. There are parent’s day meetings that are held twice or thrice per year and the parents are encouraged to attend al l. Feeding the children is an important part of development and kindergartens ensure that children carry snacks for their break. Parents are given an option whether to feed their children in schools lunch program or to sent their children to school with lunch. Birthdays can also be celebrated in the kindergarten if the parent sent some goodies to be shared in the class. According to Waldfogel (2007, p. 126) absenteeism is discouraged in both UK and US. Parents and guardians are required to call and notify the teacher that the child will be absent whatever the reason. Failure to call the kindergartens calls to find out what is the cause.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Comparing Kindergarten programs in the US to the UK specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Absenteeism is discouraged and so is lateness when reporting to the school. Kindergartens are very strict in getting the contacts of the parent. The address o r telephone number given. It must be correct and available so that incase of sickness the parent is notified. In accordance with Northern Ireland Council for the Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment (2007, p. 7) the UK curriculum identifies development and experience based learning as key components of their curriculum. Development as a component covers the physical development, emotional development, social development, personality development, language development and innovative development. Experience as a component includes experience with the environment, basic mathematical experiences and scientific experiences as well as technology experiences. On the other hand, US students of kindergarten are given a curriculum that is enabling as pointed out by Roosevelt (2007, p. 1). Depending on the development of the student the child is guided according to their ability to write, read, listen, recognize and emulate. The child is introduced to phonics where they learn about words and letters and their relationship. Besides writing, they are also taught mathematics, science, social study, physical education and musical art and individual skills. The UK curriculum introduces the experimental activities far much earlier before the child has mastered the art of language. Children need to learn oral language simultaneously with play so that they can learn how to present themselves in speech. In the US, the curriculum introduces the language skills in both writing and speech and mandatory before joining the first grade. Thus student achieve competence in experimental activities and in spoken language.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In both UK and US, the curriculum is monitored by the government so that it adopts certain standards that are required by the government. In most cases the government based curriculum is adopted by the kindergarten s that are fully or partially funded by the government, preschools that are funded by the students can adopt other curriculum including the international curriculum. Another contrast between US and UK is that the UK sometimes includes religious education in their subjects. The US institution should not offer religious education to students unless it is in a home school system. Learning in the US is interactive when compared with the UK. Students in the US kindergarten programs have a variety of subjects that entail playing and experimenting and group work. On the other hand UK has programs that participate in interactive activities but are not as extensive as those found in the US. Consequently, some US institutions have adopted the group test which is used as an examinat ion before joining the first grade. In both countries, the children are taught to be independent and to perform some basic tasks for themselves. Apart from knowing their names they are taught to make choices for themselves and to socialize in groups. Among the subjects taught include use of technology. They are taught how to operate a phone. Teaching aids are very common in the privately owned kindergartens. The children are taught with television programs and even computer games that enable them learn and develop. Slow learners are given programs that will enable them catch up with the rest of the group. Health The US curriculum pays attention to physical exercises. This is because obesity among children in the US has been found to be more prevalent. The physical activities help the children remain physically fit and reduce their body weight. There are teachers with special training on physical exercises. These activities are very helpful because they are not available at home. Tea chers encourage parents to send their children to school with snack with low fat. Kindergartens also ensure that the children’s play ground is safe. Without limits children will enjoy playing. It has been noted that at the kindergarten level children tend to play a lot and reduce their playful activities as they grow up. Teachers therefore encourage play and introduce physical education. Some teachers discourage television and computer games because they perceive them as learning methodologies that does not involve physical exercise. This is so even in the UK where teachers prefer learning activities that are experimental and involve play. In both UK and USA teachers are trained to be sensitive to the health needs of the kindergarten. In the UK it is mandatory that teacher have first aid training and psychology. This enables them deal with individual needs of the children. Similarly, US teacher of Kindergarten are required to train in psychology as part of their bachelors deg ree course. During admission, the child will disclose if they have any health problems in their file. The contact of the guardians is also given and the preferred way of handling the matter in case there is an emergency. Most schools may have a school clinic or a school nurse who is always present to provide health care. Nurses give first aid like dressing wounds, attending broken ankles among other things. Teacher qualification Kindergarten teacher shape the child’s attitude towards education because they interact with the children at their early stages of learning in life. In the US kindergarten teachers have a bachelor’s degree. Those who want to teach in state funded schools must have a license to practice. Various states have differences in their approach towards licensure. Some have attractive offers that encourage people to join the kindergarten profession. This is so especially in vacancies that are hard to fill. Mathematics, and science teachers are rare to ge t and they are given good packages so that they may stay in the job. Bilingual teachers are also on demand. Sometimes teachers shun away from unfavorable districts and prefer others in the prime areas. The teacher must have the ability to communicate. Communication involves giving instructions to students and listening to them. Their approach should stimulate self confidence of the child and foster trust. What is more is that they inspire and motivate the students to learn. Competent teachers know the individual needs of each child in their class. In their training teachers are primarily taught the basic subjects required by the kindergarten students. Additionally they are educated on professional subjects such as teaching methods, psychology and philosophy. Before completion of their studies they are required to enroll for educational programs. All teachers are taught to incorporate computers in their teaching. Qualified teachers must be accredited by â€Å"National Council for Ac creditation of Teacher Education† or â€Å"the Teacher Education Accreditation Council† (Occupational outlook Handbook, 2011, p. 1). Accreditation does not guarantee that one is qualified to be a teacher; it makes licensure easier. There are professional institutions that make it possible for students to have a one year experience following their bachelor’s degree completion. The experience is attained with the supervision of a qualified professional kindergarten teacher. The license is obtained from the â€Å"State Board of Education† (Occupational outlook Handbook, 2011, p. 1). The criterions for licensure depend on the states. It is clear that apart from a bachelor’s degree, every state requires the teacher to have a defined area of work they are capable of. It may be a range of subjects or a specialty in music and art among others. Their internship must be supervised by a professional licensed teacher and a list of and their credits. Some states expect the teacher to upgrade their education with a master’s degree after a period of time. Also before the license is given, a professional exam that tests the performance of the teacher is undertaken. States have also implemented the minimum time that a licensed teacher should spend with the student. Failure to which will result to non renewal of their license. Being knowledgeable in the subject taught cannot be compromised and thus training for those who are not competent is available. After successful training one can apply for a license. Besides academic qualification, the personality of the teacher is also significant. They are required to model the kindergartens. It is important the teacher shows neutrality in religious views and understand the cultural background of the different kindergartens. The teacher may have to use different teaching methodologies for instance to address different needs of the kindergartens in the same class. Innovativeness, patience and orga nizational skills are also considered as part of the requirements. Teachers can acquire national certificates. The benefits of the certificate include that of mobility to other states. Teaching is progressive and teachers can become librarians or administrators after they have gained experience. Organizational skill is emphasized in both UK and US. The teacher must ensure that the students are safe and that the environment is conducive for them. Moreover, they must generate, file and keep the records of the class in such a manner that they can be retrieved easily whenever needed. They must also update them frequently. A diploma is usually adequate to qualify a teacher in the kindergarten or childcare that is owned by the government. Those who want to teach in schools funded by the student’s tuition then they are required to have a bachelor’s degree and to have a license. Training is not being compulsory in some states. Teachers’ training is important and some ta ke the initiative of participating in development sessions that foster professionalism. Similarly to the US, the UK teachers are trained in specialized subject depending on their abilities. Teachers in a kindergarten or in a preschool setting are also trained to deal with special children. In the UK, it is compulsory for every teacher in the preschool to have training on children with disability and children who need special care. This is because they are likely to encounter such children and will be informed to offer the best training depending on the needs of the child. The US does not make it compulsory although having such knowledge will place a candidate as a competent employee. The US has a program for children who are disabled and with special needs. The program enables such children to access education without meeting any cost for their tuition; thus it is free education for them. In US children with disabilities must attend government sponsored institutions to access the fr ee education. This is applicable to children irrespective of their race. These children with special needs are given a test that will reveal their actual needs so that they are given personalized attention by the teacher. This is done with the consent of the parent or the guardian. The kindergartens ensure that the environment for such children is guarded and restriction may be necessary. Prior to being granted a teaching post a preschool teacher must have completed and passed the first aid test. This skills enable the teacher be well equipped to deal with emergencies. This is applicable in both US and UK. Admission In both UK and US, there are preschools that are preferred over others because they offer good services. Guardians apply to the schools directly. If the admissions are oversubscribed, the schools may rank the children or conduct some interviews that will enable them select the children for admission. Children in UK are admitted to preschool after their third birthday. In the US children are first admitted in preschool as early as 18 months. They enroll in preschool before kindergartens. Parents choose when to take their children to school and have the sole responsibility of ensuring they begin their education. Factors that are considered when admitting the children include proximity and their needs. Kindergarten admissions in the UK can be very competitive as revealed by the Newcastle City Council (2011). Application can be obtained from the institution or online from the internet. When the applications are oversubscribed, some institutions give priority to children with special needs and those from public care. Others who are give priority are those with siblings enrolled in the same institutions or another institute that is associated with the preschool. The proximity of the school is also considered. There are other social related problems that may be considered. They include: separation of the family, if the child comes from a family that excee ds three children who are below five years of age and the home environment is not conducive for the growth of the child. Another reason for giving priority in the admission is the children with language difficulties because it is a foreign language, those with medical or psychological needs and those who are slow learners. Guardians or parent cannot appeal so that their child is offered an opportunity to study in a competitive kindergarten (Newcastle City Council, 2011, p. 1). In the US competitive kindergartens are a major challenge for those who need to get their children admitted. There are different types of test: some test by telling the child to recite the alphabet from the last letter. In the past some have asked the candidate to stand on one foot and which has been criticized. For the competent schools, the tests that are given are sometimes very challenging and may require preparation. The parents already know the test and teach their children what to do to secure a place. They teach them the group tests which reveal their ability to adapt in a different situation, confidence, and leadership skills. They also test for skills in writing, listening and reading (Banjo, 2010, p.1). In UK, the children are required to attend four or five terms of preschool education before joining the mandatory education. The parent chooses when to take the child to preschool. Children who join school at a tender age may belong to working mothers. They begin with programs that encourage creativity and play. They also begin to familiarize with the curriculum early hence they are in better position to perform well. The number of students in a class differs. In UK classes are relatively larger than in the US. Kindergartens in the UK admit a larger number of students in class and also have big study groups for the children. Contrary, the US has a small number of students in kindergarten classes with smaller groups. Consequently, students in US have a one on one contact with th e teacher for an extended time than in the UK. Both UK and USA kindergartens have foreign students. The US is strict on the registration of the child and the parent or guardian. Usually the state takes hold of the license or the driving license of the parent. In the UK registration is not compulsory. In both UK and US competitive kindergartens are very costly. Some kindergartens are prestigious and are considered to be for the rich. The cost of the kindergarten schools may actually force a parent with a competent grade to join another institution. What is more is that the schools funded by the tuition of the student (private schools) perform better than the schools funded by the government. The programs are well reviewed and are more intense and professional. Teachers are well paid and the posts are highly competitive. It is believed that children in private schools have an advantage over the other. The private schools are concentrated in the cities while the government sponsored sc hools are concentrated in the rural areas. However, there are few private schools in the rural when compared to the government sponsored ones and few public or government sponsored when compared to the private schools in the urban centers. Retention Retention can occur when a child remains in the kindergarten for long without being promoted to the next level of study. The UK and the US have different approaches to retention. In the UK students must attend preschool before joining the school first year of study. The examination that is given to student prior to joining may result to retention if the child does not qualify. The teacher determines if the child will need additional time of study before joining school. After the child’s retention, they must undergo the same examination in the next admission. If the child is not qualified retention happens again. This kind of system has an impact on the child because the child will be forced to delay and will join a different age g roup. In contrast the US education system may not encourage retention. In some states kindergartens are not compulsory. Students may join the first grade without going to a kindergarten. When a child misses a chance in a competitive kindergarten, they have other options of admitting their child in another kindergarten. Moreover, children begin going to school much earlier hence they become competent and can secure places in the first grade (Waldfogel, 2007). Education system In both US and UK, the kindergarten classes are the foundational classes for the students before they begin their academic learning. Students are taught basic subjects that cover mathematics, science, language and art. However, the kindergarten in the US is also part of the primary education. On the other hand UK categorizes the preschool classes as part of the preschool. Another difference between US and UK is that of identifying the level of study. The US uses the word grade to denote the level of study, while UK uses year to identify the level of study. Waldfogel (2007) points out that the UK is strict on the qualification of the kindergartens from the before they go to the first year of study. This causes some to delay and may end up joining a younger age group. More so, in the UK students must attend kindergartens prior to the first year at school. On the contrary the kindergarten is not compulsory in the US. This is because some states do not need the child to go to a kindergarten before joining the first grade. The US allows for home school system. Home school system is recognized by the government as long as they have met the requirements of the education system and have been approved. The home school systems have been adopted by some parents and guardians who do not prefer the private and public schools. This is because they may want to incorporate religious education, value systems and morality that are not offered in school. Some may want to prevent their children for certain va lue systems that are contrary to their beliefs. These children are disadvantaged in that they may fail to socialize and perform poorly academically. The UK government sponsors the schools via the local government. Preschools not funded by the government raise their funds from the student’s tuition. This is also similar in the US where the governments fund the public institutions. However, the government does not fund all the public institutions fully. The US has standardized tests that are administered in public schools. The taste represent represents the lowest level of education a student is expected to attain in a specific level. The student is also required to show progress. Failure to show progress will result to remedial classes that go on during vocation. This is because the child may need assistance to improve on their grades. The US has standardized the education system and supports the standardized test financially. This standardization sets the minimal requirement. The standardized test is reviewed by each state so as to come up with own standards that correspond with the states environment and situations. This standard ensures that the quality of education remains high in the US. Moreover it emphasizes credibility within the teachers. Moreover, children with low standards of education are likely to be raised. Kindergartens that persistently continue performing poorly are supposed to follow some steps that will guide it to improve. The outcome of the standardized test is accumulative improvement for kindergartens that have continually taken the test. Discipline Both US and UK have included discipline in their preschool. Caning is discouraged and forbidden at the institutions. Teachers foster discipline by rewarding good work. Correction of bad behaviors done immediately the child is caught in misconduct. Praising good behaviors is the best way to motivate the children to maintain discipline. The kindergarten students have not developed judgme nt hence the teacher must be understanding and show consistency in their correction. Moreover, children learn by imitation and the teacher must be the role model. Grades In UK every institution has a way of grading the students while in US the grading system is recognized and funded by the government. The grades determine the progress of the child and are often used to rank the students. In both countries the grades are inclusive of the course work and are given inform of percentage. The grades are sometimes used to promote the child to the next grade or year of study. The grades are indicated in the child’s progress report. Parents Parents make important decisions for the children. They are responsible for choosing a kindergarten for their child and meeting the requirements. In the US and UK parents must provide contacts and be available on parents day. Parents must also ensure that the child attends school every day and give consent in case of absenteeism. They are also sup posed to communicate with the school teacher concerning immunization and providing health information. This is because the child may have allergies that can be avoided when the child is within the school. In case of medical emergencies, the child health record will be helpful. Parents also follow the progress report and the development of the child. They also assist their children with their home work and foster what the child has been taught. Children are likely to perform well in school if their parents assist them to do homework. They also ensure that their school supplies or learning materials are available. The parents are also required to dress the children in a manner that is comfortable. They are supposed to cloth the children in cloths that are easy to button and to unbutton so that they do not need assistance when going to the washrooms. All these are similar in both countries. Lacey (2010, p. 1) notes that parents are important in developing the ability of the child to le arn irrespective of their country. In both UK and US some school teachers help children develop gifts for their parents. These are some form of teaching aid. Parents are advised to encourage the children by accepting the gifts. These gifts are colored papers in different shape. Children therefore learn to express themselves if they are not discouraged to express themselves. The parents can even initiate other activities such as tracing the shape of the hand and coloring it. The parents can also read stories and listen to the child. Moreover the parent can encourage behaviors that are Tuition In line with Directgov (2011, p. 1) the UK government has entitled every child to fifteen weeks of thirty eight hours of free education before the first year at school. This means that irrespective of whether the child’s parents are working or not the child is entitled to the free hours. The services are available and parents and their children can approach them through the family agency in the area. Working parents can recover up to 70% of the tuition paid for their children if they apply for child tax. This tax is applicable to all the children one has. For the unemployed parents, the full tuition or part of the tuition can be obtained from a government program that is designed to assist such parents. Another avenue for getting help is when the parent is below twenty years and they are students. The parent who is also a student can be able to continue studying and support own child to go to the kindergarten. Employers are also a source of tuition for children. Some employers specify the number of children they are going to sponsor for the employees as part of their pay package. Such parents are able to educate their children in the competent kindergartens that they desire. On the other hand the US governments emphasize the right to education and so every child has an opportunity to get educated. The government funds some kindergartens either fully or partially. Li ke in the UK, some employers have offered to pay the children’s schools fees. The tuition just like in the UK vary from one kindergarten to the other depending on the services offered Length of school day for students In line with Sharp (2010, p. 2) the kindergarten students are between two and a half hours and three hours in both UK and US. This is the standard time set by the government that at includes the time that is involved in teaching. Time for lunch and break are not included. Some in institutions may extent a little for the benefit of the child. The students in UK have been found to differ from those in the US due to the time involved. In US children join grade one after the age of six or seven and are found to have more competent skills in writing, reading and are able to integrate well in the next level. on the other hand students in the UK are ready to join the next level after five years. When compared with other graduates from kindergarten in the US, they have not achieved the same skills. This is partly because they have spent little time before joining the school level. Therefore, if preschool time could be extended with one year, the kindergarten students in UK would achieve the required skills. The length of hours spend in the kindergarten may vary from one preschool to another in both US and UK. The schools that offer full day classes are preferred by the working mothers. A large part of the day is spent in playing activities and break. Some institutions approach these classes in an informal manner. The half day classes are more formal with reduced breaks and play. The half day kindergartens also have short breaks. Conclusion The US and UK kindergartens are highly regarded and are seen as a significant stage in education. The UK refers the kindergarten as the preschool and sometimes as the nursery. The kindergarten is the class that students undergo before they join the first grade in US or the first year of school in UK. Students ar e normally between five years to seven years old although in UK the age may be four years. Thus students in UK join the school when they are younger than US. Kindergartens in US are optional in some states. In UK the child must have some form of preschool education before joining. The curriculum covers a wide range of subjects that include mathematics, science, social studies, environment, technology, arts and language in both countries. The UK may include other subjects like religious studies which are not taught in the US. Physical education is taught in both countries with the US emphasizing the programs that are healthy and reduce the rate of obesity. The curriculum also pays attention to the kindergartens development in areas like physical, emotional, social, personal, language and innovative developments. The curriculum is accommodative of all children’s needs. It is based on experience and a lot of playful activities. Teaching aids include among others television, comp uters and musical songs. Children’s health is important and the details are given to the administration. Parents must give the school their contacts so that they can be contacted easily in case of sickness. Also the school may have a clinic or a school nurse to give first aid. Teachers in both UK and US must be trained and qualified. They must also poses good communication skills, be patient and demonstrate ability to deal with the kindergarten. They should also pose a valid license for practicing. US teachers differ from those in UK in that they must have a bachelor’s degree and be certified as well have undergo supervised internship for a year and obtain a license. The kindergarten teachers in UK need to be holders of a diploma or a degree and then obtain a license. Sometimes teachers can practice without a license in UK. Admission is very competitive in some kindergartens and may require an interview in the US or follow the Criteria in the UK. In both countries the private kindergartens are preferred to the state owned because they perform better. However the tuition for the kindergartens is very high. Kindergartens may be sponsored by the government or obtain funding form students school fees. The kindergartens spend two and half hours to three hours in both countries. Kindergartens that are full day are preferred by working mothers and have allocated most of the time to playing, half day kindergartens concentrate on academics. The education system includes the US kindergarten in the school program while in UK it is part of the preschool. Teachers and parents are both responsible of impacting discipline. Parents assist their children with home work in both countries. Retention is prevalent in UK where the requirements are strict. In US children can join school without going to kindergarten in some states. Reference List Banjo, S. (2010). How to practice for the private-school play date. Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2010/08/1 8/how-to-practice-for-the- private-school-playdate/ Directgov (2011). Getting help with preschool education. Retrieved from direct.gov.uk/en/Parents/Preschooldevelopmentandlearning/Nurseries PlaygroupsReceptionClasses/DG_4002825 Graham, L. (2009). UK School system. Retrieved from fulbright.co.uk/study-in-the-uk/k-12-study/uk-school-system Northern Ireland Council for the Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment. (2007).  Curricular guidance for Pre-school education. Retrieved from deni.gov.uk/preschool_curricular-2.pdf Lacey, B. (2010). Gifts for Parents from Preschool Children. Retrieved from ehow.co.uk/list_7208154_gifts-parents-preschool-children.html Newcastle City Council. (2011). Starting nursery school. Retrieved from newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/nurseryhome Occupational outlook Handbook. (2011). Teachers- Kindergarten, elementary, middle,  and secondary. Retrieved from bls.gov/oco/ocos318.htm Roosevelt. (2007). Kindergarten Curriculum Retrieved from iowa-city.k12.ia.us/Sch ools/Roosevelt/Learning/KCurric.htm Sharp, C. (2010). Age of starting school and the early year’s curriculum. Retrieved from nfer.ac.uk/publications/44417/44417bibliography.pdf Waldfogel, J. (2007). Welfare reforms and child well-being in the US and UK. Swedish  Economic Policy Review, 126. Waldfogel, J. Washbrook, E. (2011). Early years policy. Child Development  Research, 343016.

Literature Review of relationship marketing Essay

Literature Review of relationship marketing - Essay Example The emphasis on relationships as opposed to transaction based exchanges is very likely to redefine the domain of marketing (J.N. Sheth, 1988). Indeed, the emergence of a relationship marketing school of thought is imminent given the growing interest of marketing scholars in the relational paradigm. Relationship marketing is in the Advertising, Marketing, & Sales subject. Promotional and selling activities aimed at developing and managing trusting and long-term relationships with larger customers is defined as Relationship Marketing. Customer profile, buying patterns, and history of contacts is maintained in a sales database, and a service representative who is also called an account executive is assigned to one or more major customers to fulfil their needs and maintain the relationship (Business Dictionary, 2007). Relationship marketing is a form of marketing that evolved from direct response marketing; it places emphasis on building longer-term relationships with customers rather than on individual transactions. Relationship marketing involves an understanding of customers' needs and wants through their lifecycle and providing a range of products or services accordingly. Often, though, it is used interchangeably with terms such as customer loyalty, database marketing, predictive modelling, data warehousing, one-to-one marketing, relationship selling, retention, mass customization, customer intimacy or customer bonding. The term relationship marketing was popularised in the 1980s when the focus of marketers started to switch from customer acquisition to customer retention. The concept was strongly influenced by reengineering theory, which was gaining currency at the same time: organisations undergoing reengineering became structured according to complete tasks and processes rather than functions, i.e. cross-functional teams should be responsible for a whole process, from beginning to end, rather than having the work go from one separate functional department to another. Traditional marketing is said to use the functional department approach, which is now deemed too limited to provide a usable framework for assessing and developing customer relationships. In today's sophisticated consumer environment, an alternative model where the focus is on customers and relationships rather than markets and products is now required. As with each new shift in the focus of marketing, there are advocates and critics of the relationship focus in marketing. However, in the same way as (Kotler, A Generic Concept of Marketing, 1972) observed about other shifts in marketing, it is believed that the emergence of a relationship focus will provide a "refreshed and expanded self concept" to marketing. This optimism stems from at least four observations: (i) relationship marketing has caught the fancy of scholars in many parts of the world, including North America, Europe, Australia and Asia, as is evident from the participation in some of the recent conferences held on this subject (Parvatiyar, 1994); (ii) its scope is wide enough to cover the entire spectrum of marketing's sub disciplines, including channels,